THE EVOLUTION OF JUDICIAL TYRANNY IN THE UNITED STATES:
"If the judges interpret the laws themselves, and suffer none else to interpret, they may easily make, of the laws, [a shredded] shipman's hose!" - King James I of England, around 1616.
“No class of the community ought to be allowed freer scope in the expression or publication of opinions as to the capacity, impartiality or integrity of judges than members of the bar. They have the best opportunities of observing and forming a correct judgment. They are in constant attendance on the courts. Hundreds of those who are called on to vote never enter a court-house, or if they do, it is only at intervals as jurors, witnesses or parties. To say that an attorney can only act or speak on this subject under liability to be called to account and to be deprived of his profession and livelihood by the very judge or judges whom he may consider it his duty to attack and expose, is a position too monstrous to be entertained for a moment under our present system,” Justice Sharwood in Ex Parte Steinman and Hensel, 95 Pa 220, 238-39 (1880).
“This case illustrates to me the serious consequences to the Bar itself of not affording the full protections of the First Amendment to its applicants for admission. For this record shows that [the rejected attorney candidate] has many of the qualities that are needed in the American Bar. It shows not only that [the rejected attorney candidate] has followed a high moral, ethical and patriotic course in all of the activities of his life, but also that he combines these more common virtues with the uncommon virtue of courage to stand by his principles at any cost.
It is such men as these who have most greatly honored the profession of the law. The legal profession will lose much of its nobility and its glory if it is not constantly replenished with lawyers like these. To force the Bar to become a group of thoroughly orthodox, time-serving, government-fearing individuals is to humiliate and degrade it.” In Re Anastaplo, 18 Ill. 2d 182, 163 N.E.2d 429 (1959), cert. granted, 362 U.S. 968 (1960), affirmed over strong dissent, 366 U.S. 82 (1961), Justice Black, Chief Justice Douglas and Justice Brennan, dissenting.
" I do not believe that the practice of law is a "privilege" which empowers Government to deny lawyers their constitutional rights. The mere fact that a lawyer has important responsibilities in society does not require or even permit the State to deprive him of those protections of freedom set out in the Bill of Rights for the precise purpose of insuring the independence of the individual against the Government and those acting for the Government”. Lathrop v Donohue, 367 US 820 (1961), Justice Black, dissenting.
"The legal profession must take great care not to emulate the many occupational groups that have managed to convert licensure from a sharp weapon of public defense into blunt instrument of self-enrichment". Walter Gellhorn, "The Abuse of Occupational Licensing", University of Chicago Law Review, Volume 44 Issue 1, September of 1976.
“Because the law requires that judges no matter how corrupt, who do not act in the clear absence of jurisdiction while performing a judicial act, are immune from suit, former Judge Ciavarella will escape liability for the vast majority of his conduct in this action. This is, to be sure, against the popular will, but it is the very oath which he is alleged to have so indecently, cavalierly, baselessly and willfully violated for personal gain that requires this Court to find him immune from suit”, District Judge A. Richard Caputo in H.T., et al, v. Ciavarella, Jr, et al, Case No. 3:09-cv-00286-ARC in the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania, Document 336, page 18, November 20, 2009. This is about judges who were sentencing kids to juvenile detention for kickbacks.
Wednesday, May 6, 2015
Good riddance, Carl Becker
Yesterday, I put in a blog about the local antihero, Judge Carl F. Becker, suddenly stepping down while just 2.5 years into his 10-year term (he was supposed to step down only in 2018, when he would turn 70).
Today, the local newspaper, the Walton Reporter, published an interview with Becker where he claims that he is retiring not because his health is poor, but because, on the opposite, his health is good, he wants it to remain good and he wants to be a healthy grandfather.
Looks like a bunch of unlikely reasons to me.
When Becker ran for re-election in 2012, having his cronies make false statements to the voters to get him elected and putting down his opponent by statements that comparing Becker to Gary Rosa is like comparing a Boeing 747 to a "single engine prop plane", he obviously was in it for the kill and the idea of letting it be, leaving the bench after his first alleged term (there is no legally valid certificate of election for Becker's first term on file), and being a healthy grandfather apparently never entered his mind at the time of re-election campaign.
Now, after serving only 2 years with some months of his second term, the idea of becoming a healthy grandfather caught up with Becker?
Does not look at all like Becker's grandfatherly ideas were the real reason for his quick departure from the bench.
Looks like he is running, and looks like there is a reason why he is doing it, a reason that he is not willing to disclose to the public.
Anyway, Becker is about to become history (bad though it is) for this county, and we will see how many people would even want to remember him publicly after he's gone from the bench.
During his judgeship, practically every year, during the hunting season, the loyal Walton Reporter would publish disgusting and disgustingly large pictures of Becker, as a local celebrity, with a smug smile, over a dead bear.
I wonder whether after his retirement Becker's smug smiles over dead bears will be newsworthy any more.
Good riddance.
Tuesday, May 5, 2015
The Becker beast has been booted?
In an extremely short notice Delaware County Judge Carl F. Becker, the anti-hero frequently featured on this blog, announced he retires as of July 31, 2015.
Rumors that Becker was going to be booted soon circulated for a while, but I held my breath until it is official. It is now.
It is highly unlikely that the "retirement" is voluntary.
This man has run for a re-election in 2012 while knowing that he will not be able to serve out his full 10-year term because of his age.
Becker would have served only 6 years out of the 10-year term (ending in 2022) due to his age. New York has a mandatory retirement age for judges at 70, and Becker was supposed to retire at the end of 2018.
Knowing that he will not be able to serve out the full term, Becker still plunged the Delaware County into the expense of having him as a judge and having to run an additional election when he reaches the mandatory retirement age, a completely unnecessary expense for this poor rural county.
Recently, Delaware County, a County with a dwindling population and ever decreasing number of court cases, has got an approval for a second judge, and Becker's buddy Porter Kirkwood immediately announced that he will run for that position.
Yet, even before the new judge was elected for the second judgeship position, and three years before Becker's mandatory retirement age, Becker is stepping down.
I've recently seen Becker in the courthouse. Nothing indicated that his health is dwindling to the point that he cannot physically continue to serve.
Moreover, Becker has himself ruled out that his health is the reason for his early retirement, so, most likely, he was booted.
I know only two other examples when local judges retired before their term was out.
One was the Otsego County Supreme Court Justice Robert Harlem, he retired to catch an unlawfully self-bequeathed legacy of several hundred thousand dollars, a legacy that Robert Harlem had to disgorge after the New York State Attorney General has started an investigation into his and his son Richard Harlem's shenanigans.
The other was (and that was quite an interesting coincidence) Judge Nettie Scarzafawa, the judge of Otsego County Surrogate's Court who refused to sanction Robert Harlem or Richard Harlem or make them disgorge the ill-gotten gains from the Estate, so that Robert Harlem only disgorged reportedly $600,000 after the New York State Attorney General appealed Nettie Scarzafawa's brow-raising decision.
In her decision, Nettie Scarzafawa ruled contrary to the evidence in front of her and catered for a judge who secretly practiced law while on the bench, drafted a will where he bequeathed to himself more than 1/2 million dollars worth of shares of stock plus other monetary assets and benefits and involved his court personnel - secretary Irene Mann (who later became his wife), law clerk Dennis Dineen (still practicing law) and his son Richard Harlem (still practicing law) as witnesses of his unauthorized practice of law to keep his unlawful, unconstitutional and unethical practice of law while on the bench secret.
Nettie Scarzafawa retired nearly immediately on conclusion of Robert Harlem's case, citing the need to take care of her elderly mother. I do not know whether the claim was valid or not, it is just the timing that was interesting.
When an action for fraud was brought against Robert Harlem (during his lifetime, he died in September 2012) and his son Richard Harlem and quoted the Otsego County Surrogate's case to prove that Harlem's fraud upon the court in my husband's case was not an accident or mistake, but a continuation of a long pattern of conduct, Carl Becker - surprise! - assigned himself to the case and severely punished my husband and myself for even mentioning misconduct of Judge Harlem and for quoting OPEN COURT RECORDS and OPEN PUBLIC RECORDS as to current job status and salary of Dennis Dineen in New York State Government as VIOLATION OF PRIVACY.
In our neck of woods it is apparently not important that a judge committed misconduct and betrayed public trust, but it is sanctionable heresy to make it more public than it already is - Surrogate's Court file has always been open to the public.
I complained about Becker for years.
Becker is notorious for the following cases, among the most egregious:
(1) the "blind driver" case where accepted a plea claiming that a legally blind defendant drove a car - because DA Northrup who now announced his desire to run for Becker's place - had a blind man sign away his constitutional claims for civil rights violations against the DA and all county, state and federal law enforcement involved in his arrest and seizure of his property;
(2) the "bathroom case" - where Becker influenced the jury by telling them, at the end of a long review of evidence in the courtroom and after they drank a lot of water that "he received a message from the work team in the street that the water main feeding the courthouse was severed and there is only one flush left in all bathrooms in the courthouse" - it took jurors 15 minutes to convict, only not to have to urinate and defecate into one another's excrements (while the judge had an obligation to close the courthouse because of its anti-sanitary condition and adjourn the jury deliberations to another place and time);
(3) numerous cases where Becker disregarded medical evidence and claimed that disabled people are faking their disabioity (like the New York - registered legally blind man or a man who underwent a back surgery at the time inconvenient for Becker).
All of complaints against Becker to the Judicial Conduct Commission that I filed and that I know other people filed, were so far dismissed without review - but it is possible that his retirement is part of a complaint that finally got him out, albeit not by removal from the bench which would be the preferred route.
Becker is notorious for testifying as an unsworn medical expert on behalf of parties who Becker favors.
So far I have reviewed his unsworn testimony diagnosing the following issues:
- dental;
- gynecological;
- surgical
- eye problems etc.
Becker has a penchant at putting women down in his courtroom, by outright yelling at them or by verbally humiliating them or not allowing them to speak. So far, the New York Court administration, the Commission for Judicial conduct, and the state and federal courts, have dismissed complaints about such behavior as not warranting discipline or being "immune" from lawsuit under the judge-created doctrine of absolute immunity for malicious and corrupt acts on the bench.
So, it is ok under the current law to be rude and offensive to women litigants and lawyers in NY courtrooms, which empowered the Becker beast and judges who act like him, even more.
You will, most likely, never know what they know about you, what disqualifying conflicts of interest they have - and do not expect them to disclose those conflicts of interest, that will never happen, as my own experience as an attorney and my friends' experience with both of these individuals, Kirkwood and Northrup, shows.
Use your vote carefully.
Friday, May 1, 2015
If we are serious about court reform - let's start cleaning up the house
Various grass roots groups and independent individuals raise, in the press, in social media, in documentaries, in rallies, the issue that corruption in court proceedings is pervasive and that court reform is necessary.
I wholeheartedly agree.
Here is what, in my personal opinion, may help clean up court proceedings in the United States, on the state and federal level.
1/ Deregulate the legal profession and remove control of attorney's livelihood from the government. It will not cost the state any money to simply say - finita, we do not any more regulate who represents you in court, as long as you've chosen that individual and gave him/her a Power of Attorney.
For substandard services or professional misconduct of court representatives there are private cause of action for professional malpractice, breach of contract, breach of fiduciary duty etc. Your counsel is independent from the government and can challenge the government without fear of being stripped of his/her livelihood. For that, you pay with having to watch out for yourself on your own as to quality of your counsel's services.
Such a measure will increase supply of legal services, drop prices in the market for such services and increase variety of services and creativity of providers.
2/ For the same reason as deregulation, abolish rules and statutes allowing judges to impose sanctions upon attorneys and parties for expressing themselves in litigation.
3/ Legislatively, or on state and federal constitutional level, abolish all restrictions to jurisdiction of federal courts to review civil rights cases - all deferences, abstentions, immunities, specific pleading (plausibility) requirements etc.
4/ Legislatively abolish any and all time and page restrictions for pleading a civil rights case.
5/ Legislatively prohibit discrimination against civil rights appellants, from putting them on the "fast track" to deciding their cases by "troika courts (three, most often, senior status judges)" through "summary orders".
6/ Cut the terms of judges to one year maximum to prevent judges from colluding with influential attorneys. Make elections secret, through secure Internet hubs, and allow anybody who meets educational requirements to preside over judicial proceedings to register and run for a judge, no party approval and no approval by groups of supporters to register should be required.
7/ Simplify court rules and procedure.
8/ Teach judicial duties and requirements of the law for such duties in high schools, preparing every citizen to be able to serve as a judge by appointment, on a case-by-case rotational basis.
9/ Eliminate the pension and state benefits as a lure for incompetent losers who come to the bench because they cannot survive in private practice and spend their time on the bench avenging their incompetence against independent attorneys and litigants represented by them.
10/ Make rotational appointment process transparent and public, so that members of the public can see, in an online register, what is the order of assignment of attorneys or members of the public as judges in every court on every particular date.
11/ Allow peremptory challenges of judges, especially where judges are fact-finders.
12/ Allow voir dire of judges, on the same principles as voir dire of jurors.
13/ Mandate judges to file their financial disclosures with the clerk of the court where the judge is serving, allowing anonymous access to those financial disclosures by the public.
14/ Equalize rights of pro se parties and representing parties in rules of service, subpoena powers et. If the legal profession is deregulated, allow all court representatives and all pro se parties the same powers in service and non-judicial subpoena powers.
15/ Abolish absolute judicial and prosecutorial immunity for corrupt acts in office, legislatively, or on state or federal constitutional levels.
16/ Legislatively mandate all courts to publish their decisions online and make them accessible to search engines, for easy legal research by the public.
17/ Make the texts of the laws, from federal to state local laws and agency regulations, readily available to the public through easily searchable online free online databases.
18/ Until such databases are in place, abolish or suspend statutes presuming that lack of knowledge of the law is no defense.
19/ Offer free courses to eliminate illiteracy easily accessible to the public.
20/ Until such courses reach all illiterate people in the country, abolish or suspend laws punishing pro se illiterate people for imperfect pleadings or for lack of knowledge of the law.
21/ Allow all cases to be resolved out of court, through arbitration and mediation, including some criminal cases (95% of cases in this country are resolved through plea bargaining anyway, and most of them are for non-violent crimes).
22/ Abolish jail sentences for non-violent offenses, applicable retrospectively, and release all prisoners who are in jail for non-violent offenses.
23/ Equalize the scope of discovery between criminal and civil cases. At this time, discovery in civil cases is more generous than in criminal cases, while stakes for criminal defendants are higher than in civil cases.
24/ Allow video and audio recording by private individuals of court proceedings.
25/ Open all proceedings to the public with very few exceptions, such as juvenile proceedings.
26/ Fully ratify the International Covenant for Civil and Political Rights and give a private cause of action, as other UN member states allowed, for violation of individual civil rights by the United States, federal and state governments.
27/ Legislatively abolish any and all "rules of finality" where justice was not served, and allow litigants to re-litigate matters until rule of law is correctly applied, as written.
28/ Legislatively prohibit to punish litigants and their representatives for making constitutional arguments and for making motions to recuse a judge.
If at least a fraction of these changes is implemented, court proceedings will be much cleaner than they are now and people will have a lot more trust in the integrity of the country's justice system.
Most of the solutions that I've pointed out are being offered by different scholars and members of the public for decades. It is time to finally do something about court reform.
Let's remember that courts were established to put the predictable, uniform, status-blind and even-handed rule of law as a barrier to personal vendettas.
Why do we need to clean up the courts urgently is very clear - injustices can easily lead to public unrest, and the frequency and concentration of injustices, misconduct and corruption in this country's courts can easily - and soon - urge the public to public disobedience and unrest.
Let's start cleaning up our courthouses.
Tuesday, April 28, 2015
People can decide what kind of legal services they need - and from whom - for themselves
I write a lot on this blog about the monopoly of the American legal profession on representation in court.
While I live in the U.S. for 16 years, I was born and raised in Russia, and I follow events in my native country, including developing trends in its legal profession. And what I see there is, unfortunately, attempting to borrow from the U.S. what the U.S. needs to shed, after several decades of a botched experiment - regulation of the legal profession and monopoly for provision of legal services and court representation.
On the one hand, the Russian legal community is clearly interested in establishing monopoly for legal services, and, as in the U.S., is claiming that the reason for establishing it is in order to help the consumers obtain only competent legal services.
At the same time, the Russian legal profession pays the lip service to the fact that, with 15 mln civil cases pending in court and only 75,000 lawyers in the country of over 146 mln people, it will be an injustice to the people to deprive them of any representation in court that they want by people that they have chosen and trust, even if they are not trained attorneys, when the trained attorneys do not have the physical ability to handle all the cases.
Of course, consumers of legal services in the U.S., where monopoly for both court representation and for any legal services at all, including real estate transactions, certifications of copies of documents drafting of wills, deeds and contracts are allowed to be done only by licensed attorneys, know that such monopoly makes legal services unaffordable and more scarse, but does not provide better services.
It appears that Russia is moving several decades behind the global trends which are towards deregulation of the legal profession.
The U.K. started the deregulation in 2003.
In the U.S., the State of Arizona has been lax in prosecuting unauthorized practice of law, the State of New York itself has introduced in 2012 a requirement to law student to provide 50 hours of pro bono services as a pre-requisite of licensing, half-measures that show that the number of attorneys existing at this time, and at the prices they fix for their services, is unable to meet the demand of the market for affordable legal services.
In 2014, New York State also introduced the so-called "court navigators" to "help" indigent consumers "navigate" the legal system - while not providing legal services.
Those measures are, of course, half-measures that will be just a drop in the bucket and will not relieve the "justice gap" acknowledged by New York Chief Judge Lippman - even though the justice gap is created by regulation and the only thing that is needed to relieve that justice gap is to deregulate the legal profession, even if experimentally, for a certain period of time.
Various attacks on deregulation of the legal profession in the U.S. have already started.
A book advocating deregulation of the legal profession was published in 2011.
An individual without any legal education has recently challenged the requirement of the state that only individuals who graduated from an ABA-approved law school can sit for the bar examination.
On February 25, 2015 the U.S. Supreme Court has made a decision in a case regarding regulation of dentists stripping dentists who regulate dentists of their immunity based on their anti-competitive activities, see my blogs commenting the decision before it was made, and after it was made.
Judging by the ardor with which bar associations, and not consumer groups, from different state attempted to prevent that decision, and I have read the concerted "friend of the court" brief of bar associations of several states, the establishment of the American legal profession sees the writing on the wall, that its days of monopoly are counted.
From the point of anti-competitive activities, I recently won an interim court decision for a client in a civil rights case where the court ruled that my client can proceed with a civil rights case for actions of a disciplinary committee continuing to investigate and prosecute him long after they took his license.
I also recently asked the Federal Trade Commission to apply their recent victory in the U.S. Supreme Court the dentists' case to address attorney regulation in the State of New York for what it is - regulating of market by influential market providers for their personal gain of influential market providers, in violation of consumer's rights and federal anti-trust laws.
It is clear that the monopoly for legal services should die, and as quick a death as possible, to prevent further harm to the consumers.
I hope that the FTC starts the process of deregulation by applying the decision in the dentists' case to the legal profession.
I hope that the Russian legal establishment will not get their upper hand in claiming their monopoly. No matter in which country and in which profession monopolies are imposed, they hurt the consumers in making services more scarce, less versatile, more costly and do nothing to ensure competence or quality of those services.
And, such monopolies take consumers for idiots and do not allow them their own free choice of who to choose as a provider of services, with their own verification of the person's abilities to provide those services and their trustworthiness.
Competent people who raise children, keep jobs, pay taxes and vote do not need such a paternalistic approach, they can decide for themselves what services from what providers they need.
Monday, April 27, 2015
A correction - Stephen R. Sirkin amended the New York State Constitution, and CPLR 5524(a), and 22 NYCRR 1000.17(a), and will amend more if given the chance
In my earlier blog, I indicated that the referee in my disciplinary case, the retired Wayne County judge Stephen R. Sirkin, has amended the New York State Constitution by "deciding" (I put it in quotes because it was unlawful, but Sirkin named his Decision without any quotes), again, by "deciding" a motion on liability in my disciplinary case instead of the required 4 appellate justices for quorum and 3 appellate justices for concurrence.
Of course, Sirkin was not authorized by law, New York State Constitution or court order of appointment to decide any motions, but such trifles as restrictions of the law never deterred judges, retired judges, referees and hearing officers covered by absolute judicial immunity for malicious and corrupt acts during performance of their judicial or quasi-judicial duties.
Really, will you be deterred from doing anything if you know that nobody can do anything to you or against you if you do what you are not supposed to, but what you still can do with impunity?
But once again, my previous story on this blog was that Sirkin has amended the New York State Constitution.
I was wrong.
Sirkin has amended actually a lot more than New York State Constiution, Article VI paragraph 4 subsection b. He also amended CPLR 5524(a) and 22 NYCRR 1000.17(a). The more the merrier, I guess. From my personal impression of Sirkin, he is so old and frail and has such memory, perception and concentration problems that he would readily rubber stamp anything that is put in front of him, as long as it is put in front of him by a member of the government.
Yet, back to Sirkin's amendments.
This is the rule of the New York State Appellate Division 4th Judicial Department about entries of decisions made BY THE COURT on motions (not by retired county judges appointed as referees to hear and report facts in evidentiary hearings).
Well, at least the 4th Department recognized in the rule quoted above that it is "this Court" (and not Sirkin and referees like him) that must determine motions in "this Court" and not anybody else.
On that point, "this Court" is in agreement with the New York State Constitution, Article VI, paragraph 4 subsection b that provides:
"...In each appellate division, four justices shall
constitute a quorum, and the concurrence of three
shall be necessary to a decision... "
Yet, "this Court" has loosened the constitutional requirement by delegating the non-delegable duty to make appellate court decisions, whether on appeals or on motions, to the clerk of the court. Of course, the rule "only" says that the court orders the clerk to "draft" "this Court"'s decisions.
Yet, you know, ladies and gentlemen, as well as I do, that where the clerk of the court - who was never elected as an appellate judge - is given permission by the court to "draft" decisions, the clerk simply makes them, signs them, and judges who are located in their own chambers far away from where the clerk is located, can do whatever they are doing there while they have delegated all that they are supposed to do to their non-judicial personnel.
Judges of the Appellate Division 4th Judicial Department are simply too busy to be bothered to do their job, as it appears from the decisions that the clerk of "this Court" has drafted, or, rather, crafted, in my case - decisions providing no explanation, no legal authorities and punishing me for requesting an explanation for the court's decisions on issues pertaining to my ability to earn a living for myself and for my family and minor child, in accordance with constitutional guarantees of due process of law.
Of course, the word combination "due process of law" has become nowadays a swear-word in the courtroom inviting sanctions for frivolous conduct from judges who took the bench by swearing to uphold the due process of law, so no surprises there.
But let's go back to Rule 22 NYCRR 1000.17(a).
The rule actually relied on New York CPLR (Civil Practice Law and Rules) Section 5524(a) which says absolutely nothing about the right of retired county judges to craft, draft or make decisions for and instead of appellate judges.
So, by crafting, drafting and making such a decision on an appellate motion that was never made in front of him, Sirkin not only amended the New York State Constitution in how decisions are made in the Appellate Division 4th Department, but also amended CPLR 5524(a) requiring the Clerk of the court to enter the decisions of the appellate division on motions and appeals, and amended the requirements of the Appellate Division, 22 NYCRR 1000.17(a) that the clerk of the court should actually draft such decisions.
Halleluja, when people bend over one another trying to outdo each other in violating my rights and please somebody up above who wants my license taken, by law or by ... claw?, sometimes they get confused as to who and how should violate my rights better, faster and more effectively.
Hey, guys (and gals, no gender discrimination here) who have being clawing me for 6 years and are preparing to claw me more! The end of the line of those who want my blood drawn is right there, disappearing around the corner. Hope you do not collapse waiting in line. Or rather, I hope you will.
In a Nebraska federal court, "generally speaking", all federal defendants are guilty before evidence is in - a judge says
In one more astounding blog post, a senior district court judge and a former Chief Judge of the Nebraska District Court, Judge Richard Kopf, makes the following revelation:
This is the judge who finds criminal defendants (including, obviously, criminal defendants in death penalty cases) competent to stand trial if they are not "lamppost climbing crazy" (which is not the same as "crazy as a loon"), because of the judge's prior experience in "serving" on a mental health board.
The dead appearance of impropriety - the Kansas way
In one of my previous blog posts today I described the so-called "appearance of impropriety standard" as applied to judges and how judges eliminate that standard, without abolishing it, simply by applying "rules of discretion".
Kansas went further than that, eliminating the "appearance of impropriety standard" as applying to lawyer disqualification.
Example - a prosecutor represented you before, and now is prosecuting you in a criminal case. Of course, the prosecutor knows a lot of privy information about you that he can use against you in the criminal case (whether he openly does it or not).
At least, his or her prosecutorial discretion to
(1) bring the charges,
(2) maintain the charges and
(3) offer you certain plea bargains or not, as well as
(4) request certain pre-trial arrest, custody and bail options, and
(5) request certain post-conviction punishment/sentencing options -
all of that will be informed by privileged information obtained through prior representation, while you will never be able to prove it without relying on the "appearance of impropriety" standard, for the obvious reason that you cannot X-ray the prosecutor's mental activities.
Yet, now the "appearance of impropriety" standard for attorney, established in many states by ABA rules of professional conduct as well as by state case law and federal constitutional law, the standard which, in the case of a criminal prosecutor or an attorney working for the government becomes a federal due process standard protected by the federal pre-emption doctrine, is now dead in Kansas.
The Kansas Supreme Court simply abolished it, scrapping 18 years of precedent, and I wonder why.
The reason why is, very likely that the Kansas Supreme Court, consisting of judges who are not serving for life and will at some point re-enter the legal profession, and whose relatives or friends may be attorneys, ruled in favor of the legal profession that finds it increasingly difficult to stay afloat because of shrinking base of clients who can afford to pay high fees dictated by attorney marketing which operates not as consumer protection measure, but as a market restrictions by lawyers for (politically connected) lawyers.
That appears to be the only reason why a perfectly good 18-year precedent was scrapped and why lawyers are allowed a wider latitude to represent clients with potentially conflicting interests. Otherwise the poor lawyers will starve and will not be able to hire judges at the end of their judicial careers.
And that, ladies and gentlemen, is an appearance of impropriety that nothing can abolish. It stinks.